Tuesday, June 23, 2015

Portugal

Does the name Antonio de Oliveira Salazar mean anything to you? Strange if it doesn’t, because alongside Hitler, Stalin, Franco, Mussolini, Caucescu and Tito, it is Salazar whose name completes the list of truly nasty fascists who ran European countries in the middle decades of the 20th century – yet he does tend to be forgotten.

Prime Monster of Portugal from 1932 to 1974, he opposed every ideology known to Humankind, replacing them all with his own invention, Lusotropicalism or Pluricontinentalism, which envisioned a single country, ruled from Lisbon, but transcending geography to incorporate all of Portugal’s imperial domains, which included Angola and Mozambique, Macau and East Timor (Timor-Leste), parts of India as well. Nehru tried to persuade him to give up the Indian territories, and then supported the insurrection that forced the issue. Fifty thousand troops sent to Angola were insufficient to prevent the Marxist guerrillas liberating that country in the early 1960s, after which the same happened in Ouidah, which was annexed by Dahomey (now Benin), and then Guinea, and then Mozambique, until finally, after Macau became the last of Salazar’s fantasies to confront reality, the Carnation Revolution of 1974, in which the people came out on the streets en masse in protest at the continuing dictatorship, and the army came out on to the streets as well, but most unusually not to massacre but to support the people, the era of Salazar and the epoch that never happened of Lusotropicalism made its way into the oblivion which it clearly still inhabits, and frankly good riddance.

For all its efforts, and the support it has received from joining the European Community in 1986, Portugal has not yet recovered from the catastrophe of Salazar, and lives from hand to mouth each day so close to bankruptcy that there are voices within the EU saying enough is enough. A 78 billion Euro bailout in 2008 provided some emergency relief, but Portugal has been living under austerity measures for so long, there wasn’t much left for the government to be austere about in order to meet the demands of the lenders. Agriculture and tourism and the kind of history that is better not taught in schools are all it has.

The languages of the world are mostly the consequence of empire (Greek, Hebrew and Sanskrit, for example, are all derived from the Hittites who conquered them). Today English, French and Spanish dominate the non-Chinese world, but there is also Portuguese, the sixth most widely used langauge, with about two hundred and forty million people speaking the language, albeit most of them in Brazil.


Marks for: 1974

Marks against: 78 billion



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Monday, June 22, 2015

Poland

There are countries in the world that once existed, but which are no more – several have been included in this catalogue, and several seem to be heading inexorably in that direction even now. Then there are countries which still exist, but do not belong to themselves – again, innumerable in this catalogue. And finally there are countries like Poland, which have existed, then ceased to, then existed again, then belonged to somebody, then belonged to somebody else, and had their boundaries changed, and sometimes belonged in their different parts to several different others, and then ceased to exist again, but now do.

Poland began in the 10th century, around Gniezno, when a Slavic people founded the Piast dynasty and ruled for three hundred years. Later there was Jagiello, who came from Lithuania and set up the Republic of Two Nations, the Rzeczpospolita Obojga Narodow – though it was a strange "Republic", given that he ruled it from a monarchical throne - and made Poland the greatest power in Europe at that time, ruling the Czechs and the Hungarians as well, destroying the Teutonic Knights, educating scientists like Nicholas Copernicus. The Republic lasted until 1572, when the era of the elected kings began. Elected by the aristocracy, of course, not by the people.

The collapse of the Republic was the consequence of an invasion by the Swedes, but the collapse of the Republic was also the collapse of Poland as a nation of significance, with the exception of Jan Sobieski, who defeated the Turks at the Battle of Vienna and thereby prevented Islam from conquering Christendom. But after that...for more than a hundred years Poland did not even exist on maps, having been subsumed into the greater kingdom of Lithuania and then partitioned into provinces. Attempts to revive it led nowhere. The Constitution of 1791 was annulled as soon as it was written. The revolutions of 1831 and 1863 were put down ruthlessly by the Czar; after which came decades of serfdom, the confiscation of landed property, the closing of educational and cultural institutions.

At different times Poland has been part of Lithuania, and as such an empire extending over much of central and eastern Europe; then shared out piecemeal between Russia, Prussia and Austria; then a subject nation of the Nazis; then a subject nation of the Soviets; then, at last, a liberated nation once again, saved by that most unlikely of all partnerships among the political liberators, its Trades Unions and the Polish Pope John Paul II, the ten million members of the former being also members of the congregation of the latter. Together they finally drove out the demoniacal General Jaruzelski, after he had spent years attempting to destroy them, and the rather more liberal and tolerant form of Communism that they had by comparison with other Soviet puppets, with martial law. Free elections in 1989 and 1990 gave Solidarity control of Parliament and the former Gdansk dock-worker Lech Walesa the Presidency, ending the Communist era for good, or mostly bad. Poland joined NATO in 1999 and the European Union in 2004 and is now a democratic, market-oriented country, though any Pole you ever speak to still tries to tell you it was the Germans and not their own parents and grandparents who perpetrated the Holocaust, as if Poles hadn’t spent every Easter Sunday for the previous thousand years undertaking pogroms.



Marks for: Nicholas Copernicus, Marie Curie, Frederic Chopin, Adam Mickiewicz (Isaac Bashevis Singer)


Marks against: 6 million



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Sunday, June 21, 2015

Pitcairn Island


The last bastion of the British Empire, Pitcairn Island was discovered by the British in 1767 and settled in 1790 by the men who mutinied on the good ship "Bounty". Pitcairn was the first Pacific island to become a British colony (in 1838) and it is still British, today, albeit now the last one. What is called "outmigration" in official documents, has reduced the population from a massive two hundred and thirty-three at its peak in 1937 to less than fifty today. Most of those who leave, do so for New Zealand.
When exactly the term "outmigration" came into existence to replace the traditional "emigration" I am not certain, but I can say that the major problem facing the island today is not economic but sexual, and this is hardly surprising when there are only fifty people living there, and most of them are related. Back in 2004 six men were convicted of the abuse of young girls over a forty-year period, and three more, who had emigrated in the meanwhile to New Zealand, were convicted on similar charges there. The statistics show that every family on the island included one victim, and one perpetrator, and one is left to wonder who the younger generation will find to mate with, unless they too "outmigrate".


In the meanwhile, after two centuries of having the island as part of its empire but spending not a single penny on it, the UK has provided funds to build a school, presumably to teach "The Hobbit" and "Lord of the Rings" in Literature classes, the two versions of "Mutiny on the Bounty" (1935 and 1962) in Comparative Film classes, and New Zealand history in Social Studies, so that these children will be sufficiently educated when they reach their new home. The jetty and slipway at Adamstown have also been modernised; again, presumably, to make it easier for the boats to take away the outmigrating passengers. One can only hope that, given that the Pitcairn Islands were first settled by Fletcher Christian and his colleagues from the good ship "Bounty", the passengers on the very last boat to leave Adamstown will not mutiny en route.

See also my entry on Norfolk Island.


Marks for: 1935


Marks against: 1962



Copyright © 2015 David Prashker
All rights reserved
The Argaman Press

Philippines

Wherever you find large stretches of water, even on an inland lake, you can be guaranteed to find small islands, known as islets usually, that are simply too inaccessible, or too small, for anyone to inhabit. Governments use them as foundations when they need concrete pillars for their extended highways and artificial causeways. Rich people buy them, put up a holiday home, and moor their boat there twice a year in order to spend a weekend yearning to be back in civilisation. Poor people who can do no better lay out a bamboo shack and live there all the year round, surviving on fishing and foreign aid. Usually there are just a handful of these islands, but in the Philippines there are almost seven thousand of them, while the vast population lives, for the most part, on just eleven. 


A Spanish colony for many centuries, the Spaniards eventually got tired of the earthquakes and the eruptions of twenty volcanoes, and abandoned the place to native self-rule in 1935, followed by full independence in 1946, after which things went rather well, with a constitution based on the American and considerable economic growth. Then, in the mid-1960s, Imelda Marcos opened the world’s largest shoe store, but failed to invite anyone to buy the shoes. To support her growing philia, it was necessary to have lots of money, but Presidents are not well paid, so her benign husband, a man known for his warm smile and generous demeanour, appointed himself as Finance Minister, and provided protection for the Treasury through a private security firm called The Philippine Army. Now Imelda was happy. She could travel the world and buy all the shoes she wanted, and if the rest of the country could no longer afford shoes, why that was their own fault for being lazy and unimaginative, and anyway the New People’s Army, whose aspirations her husband had curtailed by imposing martial law, does not believe in shoes, so you are better off under my beloved Ferdinand and should show more gratitude (she didn’t bother to mention that her beloved Ferdinand had been convicted of the murders of Julio, Pio and Mariano Nalundasan, the latter of whom had had the gall, the impudence, the chutspah, to defeat Ferdinand’s father, and not once but twice, in elections for a seat in the National Assembly; nor that his claim to have led nine thousand guerrillas during the Second World War was actually a fantasy).

Opposition to Mr and Mrs Marcos was difficult, to say the least, though his own Parliament did try to impeach him in 1985, for siphoning billions of dollars into his private bank accounts, and constructing a “Film Centre” for his private enjoyment of hardcore pornographic movies; the impeachment failed. Then there was Benigno Aquino, who was assassinated, and later Mrs Marcos was accused of involvement. Killing Aquino proved to be a mistake in a country where wives are very passionate about their husbands. While Mrs Marcos supported her husband taking $58m from the Treasury to fund his next re-election campaign, Mrs Aquino went out for revenge, standing against Marcos (the word “kleptocrat” was invented to describe him) in 1986, and defeating him by almost a million votes according to the international polling group who had been sent to monitor the election. Unfortunately they were only monitors, and Marcos’ own Commission on Elections used a differently-coloured abacus, and disallowed the use of thumbs as well as fingers, so that Marcos in fact won, freely and fairly, by almost two million votes, and complained officially about cheating on the other side. The elections were held on February 7th. By the 25th, the People’s Power Movement had thrown so many shoes at so many heads, and Corazon Aquino’s alternate inauguration ceremony had gone ahead without bloodshed, that Mr Marcos took his cheque-book, and Mrs Marcos as many shoes as she could carry, and slipped out of the country. Slipped may be a poor choice of vocabulary. Four Sikorsky HH-3E helicopters took Marcos and his entourage to the Clark Air Base in Angelese City, where a US air force C-130 was waiting to complete the journey to Guam, and from there Hawaii. Arriving in Hawaii, US customs found that he had excess baggage to the tune of twenty-four suitcases packed with gold bullion, diamonds wrapped in diapers, and certificates for gold bullion estimated at several billion dollars. Mrs Marcos had only managed six pairs of shoes; two thousand seven hundred more were left behind in her closet. 

Not surprisingly the Philippines were left with debts that even hedge funds would not underwrite, and to this day more than half the country’s annual spending goes to pay off these debts – most of them connected with the construction of a nuclear power plant at Bataan (there is no nuclear power plant at Bataan; theoretical designs used to obtain the loans show that it would have been built in the shape and pattern of a shoe.) 


Marcos died in Honolulu in 1989; his body is now in a refrigerated crypt, where worshipers may visit it, and the still living Mrs Marcos does regularly, though whether barefoot, as pilgrims should, or otherwise, is not information in the public arena, though we can safely speculate.

And since the end of this comic-farce that would never get past the treatment stage in Hollywood, Mrs Marcos has been tried and acquitted of fraud in America, stood for President and lost, twice, served as a congresswoman, and spent her remaining years using her influence to get every guilty verdict against her in the Philippine courts overturned on appeal. There are still, at the time of writing, ten cases against her pending. Her favourite shoes, by the way, are Pierre Cardin.

Joseph Estrada, who succeeded Corazon Aquino as President, was forced out of office after protests against alleged corruption. Three coup attempts failed to oust his successor, Gloria Arroyo. And on the southern island of Mindanao, Moro rebels have finally laid down their guns after forty years of civil war in which an estimated 120,000 people died. The traditionally Catholic island is now in process of converting to Islam, and neighbouring Jolo will likely do the same soon, as al-Qaeda have made it a primary target in the region. The New People’s Army, fighting to make the Philippines Communist in the north, also laid down their arms in 2012. One of the world’s most over-populated countries, its high birth-rate predicts a tripling of its population within two generations. We all know what happens when that happens. Watch this space for the plight of the next mass group of barefoot refugees.




Marks for: don't be silly

Marks against: 15 mink coats, 508 gowns, 1,000 handbags, and 1,060 pairs of shoes



Copyright © 2015 David Prashker
All rights reserved
The Argaman Press

Singapore


There are human rights violations, and abuses, and restrictions on human liberty; and then there are the strict controls maintained by a conservative government to preserve the unity of the nation and ensure its stability; exactly where the line is drawn between these two is not always clear, and the name of that line may well be Singapore. 

An island at the foot of the Malaysian Peninsula, Singapore is, per capita and per square foot, one of the richest countries in the world, with a skyline so tall it reduces even New York to humility. Much of that high-rise is government-built apartment blocks, where most of its people live, freed of the burden of mortgages that they cannot afford to pay back, and encouraged by the government to spend their leisure time making babies. 75% of the population are Chinese, with Indians and Malays making up most of the remainder. There is a theoretical multi-party democracy, though no one has yet won an election against the People’s Action Party, which sounds like a Socialist or Communist label, but in fact is a paternalistic form of Conservatism. The following, however, is cited from the website of Human Rights Watch:

“The Singapore government continues to impose wide-ranging restrictions on core civil and political rights. Criminal defamation, and contempt of court charges, including ‘scandalizing the judiciary’ are used to rein in criticism of the government and the ruling People’s Action Party. The Public Order Act 2009 mandates a permit for any cause-related assembly in a public place. At the Yale-NUS College, political protests and partisan political societies are prohibited. Singapore implemented welcome legal reforms which granted judges limited sentencing discretion in place of mandatory capital punishment for certain offenses. Singapore maintains article 377A of its penal code to criminalize sexual acts between consenting adult men. The High Court turned aside a constitutional challenge to that provision, ruling that repeal of the law would further a societal norm that has yet to ‘gain currency’.”

As I say, a very fine line.

The responsibility for the "success" of Singapore rests primarily with Lee Kuan Yew, who founded the country and brought it to independence from Britain, united it with Malaysia, only to be thrown out of that union; and then applied the Mussolini principle for thirty-one years as Prime Minister, before handing over to his son, who holds power still. Lee Kuan Yew died in March 2015, leaving behind a legacy that will trouble politicians, politics-watchers and human rights activists for ever. Among the obituaries, one former MP, asked on the radio if Lee Kuan Yew had not in fact been a despot, insisted that no, he had simply passed laws forbidding people from doing what no civilised person should surely be doing anyway: spitting in the street, leaving behind litter, engaging in drunken brawls, freely expressing opinions that were insulting to religious or ethnic or racial minorities. A very fine line indeed, and one which the succession to Lee Kuan Yew has not been quite so successful, either in defining, or walking.



Marks Against: 25 (the number of people waiting on Death Row at the time of writing)

Still More Marks Against: 117 (the number of countries in the UN which voted to create a moratorium on the death penalty as the first step towards its abolition; Singapore was not one of them)



Copyright © 2015 David Prashker
All rights reserved
The Argaman Press

Saturday, June 20, 2015

Palmyra Atoll



Not every list of countries includes this, but from those that do, what emerges is really quite extraordinary. Palmyra Atoll is not a country at all. It is a bureaucratic error. A typing mistake.

Geographically, it is one of those innumerable atolls that inhabit the Pacific Ocean. Hawaii claimed it in 1862, and the US included it among the Hawaiian Islands when it annexed the archipelago in 1898. However, the Hawaii Statehood Act of 1959 did not include it, leaving the poor Palmyra Atoll like that little scrawny kid in 7th grade when the big boys got to pick their soccer team one by one, and he’s still standing there even after two of the girls have been invited to play. America felt sorry for the scrawny kid, and said, we’ll create a special team that you can play on too, and so they invented the United States Pacific Island Wildlife Refuges, part of which is now privately owned by the Nature Conservancy, while the remainder is under the authority of the US Fish and Wildlife Service. The other players on this team of rejects are Baker Island, Howland Island, Jarvis Island, Johnston Atoll, Kingman Reef and Midway Islands. Good on ya, America. Some points in your favour just earned (but you still have a long way to go I’m afraid to reach positive).


Take a look at TheNatureConservancy website, for some amazing photos of Palmyra Atoll, and also (though you have to pay a subscription to read it, or any other of its articles), an explanation of how and why millions were spent to get rid of the rats from the island (there is no complementary article, alas, explaining why the rats at Palmyra were a priority over, say, the rats in my apartment in Miami, or the rats spreading plague in various parts of Asia and Africa and South America, but we should nonetheless praise those who saw fit to get rid of the rats on virtually uninhabited Palmyra Atoll.)


Marks for: I'm sorry, but you'll have to donate or subscribe if you want this invaluable piece of information.

Marks against: none, or not on the doors and walls anyway, now that the rats have been removed.



You can find David Prashker at:
Copyright © 2015 David Prashker
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The Argaman Press